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新妈妈须慎防的产后七大问题

出处:网络收集 日期:2024-07-30 13:46:48 编辑:秩名
顺or剖?关键要看“骨盆测量”

 一、乳腺炎

 
  原因
 
  哺喂母乳的妈妈最常遇到的困扰便是乳腺炎。乳腺炎多半是因为奶水未排空、乳头感染所造成。
 
  当奶水未完全排空,输乳管被乳汁塞住后,通常会出现局部的硬块,称为乳汁滞留。若是乳头破掉造成乳房被细菌感染,便称为感染性乳腺炎。造成乳汁滞留及乳腺炎的原因包含:
 
  1 、宝宝吸吮姿势不正确:导致奶水没办法完全被吸出。
 
  2 、妈妈在喂奶时用指头挤压乳房:如此反而会阻碍乳汁的流出。
 
  3 、宝宝将乳头含破:常是因为吸吮姿势不对,宝宝在吸不到乳汁的情況下便会越吸越大力,会将妈妈的乳头咬破,进而造成细菌感染,使细菌进入乳房组织。
 
  症状
 
  刚开始会胀奶且发烧,如果24小时内已退烧,即不会有太大问题。而若是有持24小时以上的发烧,且有局部红肿、疼痛,就应该就医了。
 
  照护
 
  红肿热痛且发烧应就医,医师多半会开立抗生素进行治疗,服用抗生素期间可以继续哺喂母乳,对宝宝并不会产生负面影响。若是只有局部红肿,妈妈可在喂奶前先热敷红肿部位,并且将硬块揉散,哺喂后再冰敷。即使患有乳腺炎的妈妈还是可以哺喂母乳,而若是乳头感染、破皮,就该用奶水加以擦拭,或使用医师开立的乳头药膏。为防止宝宝吃到药膏,选择哺喂后再上药,或是哺喂前先以清水清洁乳头。
 
  预防方式
 
  乳腺炎并没有根本的预防方式,不过尽早哺喂母奶,不但有助于宝宝的吸吮能力,成功哺喂的几率提高,也有助于乳汁排空,间接避免乳腺炎的发生。另外,妈妈在哺喂顺手后,可试着让宝宝从各个角度吸吮乳头,乳汁较易排空。
 

  二、子宮内膜发炎

 
  子宫复原进度
 
  生完宝宝后子宫会开始收缩,压迫血管使其停止出血,除此之外,收缩的力量也可使血块、胎盘等残留物排出。一般来说胎盘产出后,子宫就会自动下降,约在脐下2指腹的位置,产后2~10天每天约下降1指腹,第10天后已摸不到子宫,因子宫已回到骨盆腔中,6周后就会回到正常的位置及原来约拳头般的大小。若是在产褥期中,子宫没有按照应有的复原进度,也就是位置没有下降、子宫未回复原本的大小,便可能是因为子宫收缩不良,或是子宫长肿瘤。
 
  发炎原因
 
  若生产时破水过久或内诊频繁易造成子宫腔感染。另外,残余的胎盘、胎膜组织及血块若滞留在子宫内,不仅会造成产后出血不止,还容易引起子宫内膜发炎。此外,如个人照护卫生不谨慎,也可能导致由下而上的感染,引起子宫发炎。
 
  在产后回诊所时,若有子宫触压、发烧、脓状恶露等发炎性征兆,应以抗生素治疗。经超声波检查后,确定是胎盘、胎膜组织没排干净,可开立子宫收缩剂促进子宫收缩以利排出,较严重者需使用胎盘钳将子宫腔残余物排出。子宫内膜发炎若是不及时治疗,不仅容易造成子宫内膜受损,影响日后受孕的几率,更可能引发严重的败血性感染,不得不慎。
 
  预防方式
 
  若是生产时破水较久的妈妈,要密切注意产后是否有腹痛、发烧、异常脓状和恶臭的分泌物等,尽早确定子宫内膜是否有发炎症状。此外,为促进子宫收缩并尽快排尽滞留胎膜组织,妈妈应按摩子宫以促进子宫收缩,并正确做好产后卫生护理。
 
  如厕后宜进行子宫按摩
 
  妈妈可在每次上完厕所后按摩子宫,因为有时膨胀的膀胱会阻碍子宫收缩,在如厕后用一只隻手掌压在肚子上做环状按摩(即绕圈),直到子宫变硬即可停止。
 

  三、恶露

 
  恶露排出进度
 
  恶露是由产后子宫内所残留的血、白血球、黏液等混合而成的分泌物。一般来说产后1~3天,恶露颜色仍偏鲜红色。到了4~10天,颜色会转为暗红色、褐色。产后11天,不再有血块及血液,恶露会呈米黄色,恶露会按此情况在2个月内陆续消退。
 
  影响恶露排出的原因
 
  若是没有按上述进程恢复,则可能是产后胎盘组织移除不全,多半是因为子宫收缩不佳,因此无法使恶露顺利排出。此外,产后出的血也不见得都是恶露,还可能是因为泌乳激素所致。由于哺喂母乳会使得泌乳激素升高,使得子宫内膜较不稳定,因此会有不正常出血的情况。一般在产后6周,回诊由抹片、超声波做检查,若经医师诊断仍在正常范围之内,这种情形即可自行恢复。
 
  此外,坐月子期间过分进补也会导致出血过多,其中喝“生化汤”便是原因之一。一般医院多会开立子宫收缩剂,因此不用喝生化汤,若要喝也需适量即可,否则会延长产后出血的时间。剖腹产因为医师清除得很彻底,所以更需要服用。
 
  恶露的清理方式
 
  清理恶露时,切记要先彻底洗净双手,用消毒棉自尿道口向肛门口方向擦拭整个外阴部:先擦中间,再擦左边、右边,用过的消毒棉务必丢弃,以免感染产褥热或膀胱炎。清理恶露时,会阴部有缝合的人,动作要够小心轻柔,以免触痛伤口,剖腹产的恶露较容易清理,并不会比平常的生理期麻烦太多。

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